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Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms: 10-year follow-up cohort study.

Kuepper R, van Os J, Lieb R, Wittchen H, Hofler M, Henquet C. Childhood trauma in schizophrenia: Current findings and research perspectives. Prenatal malnutrition and adult schizophrenia: Further evidence from the 1959-1961 Chinese famine. Paternal age at childbearing and offspring psychiatric and academic morbidity. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq146ĭ’Onofrio BM, Rickert ME, Frans E, et al. Maternal infection and schizophrenia: Implications for prevention. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Environmental risk factors for psychosis. Are genetic risk factors for psychosis also associated with dimension-specific psychotic experiences in adolescence?. 2015 21(3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry):715–736. Auditory and non-auditory hallucinations in first-episode psychosis: Differential associations with diverse clinical features. Galletti C, Paolini E, Tortorella A, Compton MT. National Alliance on Mental Illness 2011.

Stressful family environment: Certain stressors that create an unhealthy childhood environment have also been linked to the later development of psychosis.

Trauma: Adults with schizophrenia report higher rates of childhood trauma.

A lack of key vitamins, such as B and D, has also been associated with higher rates of schizophrenia.

Historically, during periods of famine the rates of schizophrenia increase. For each decade of a father's life, the risk of schizophrenia in offspring increases 1.5 times. Paternal age: Several studies have linked a father’s age to an increased risk of schizophrenia.

Maternal infection: The child of a mother who experienced an infection during pregnancy may be at a higher risk of schizophrenia. Fetal hypoxia may be caused by a variety of factors, such as bleeding during pregnancy or an emergency cesarean section. It's been proposed that the resulting changes to the fetal brain may affect later predisposition for schizophrenia. Fetal hypoxia: Fetal hypoxia occurs when the oxygen supply to a developing fetus is disrupted.Psychotic disorder due to medical condition: In some cases, psychosis may be caused by an underlying condition such as a brain tumor or head injury.Mood disorders: Sometimes psychosis occurs in certain presentations of major depression and bipolar disorder.Substance-induced psychotic disorder: Teens with serious substance use problems may experience hallucinations or delusions as a result of their substance use.In these cases, symptoms usually disappear in less than a month. Brief psychotic disorder: A person may experience a sudden bout of psychosis, typically in relation to a stressful life event, such as the loss of a loved one.Schizophreniform disorder: In schizophreniform disorder, symptoms of schizophrenia are of limited duration-typically between one to six months.Schizoaffective disorder: A person with schizoaffective disorder has a combination of prominent mood symptoms typical in bipolar disorder or depression along with psychotic features of schizophrenia.Symptoms often affect their education and their relationships. They may have hallucinations or delusions. Schizophrenia: Teens with schizophrenia exhibit behavioral changes that may be intense.